Page buffering in a virtualized, memory sharing configuration

ABSTRACT

An apparatus includes a processor and a volatile memory that is configured to be accessible in an active memory sharing configuration. The apparatus includes a machine-readable encoded with instructions executable by the processor. The instructions including first virtual machine instructions configured to access the volatile memory with a first virtual machine. The instructions including second virtual machine instructions configured to access the volatile memory with a second virtual machine. The instructions including virtual machine monitor instructions configured to page data out from a shared memory to a reserved memory section in the volatile memory responsive to the first virtual machine or the second virtual machine paging the data out from the shared memory or paging the data in to the shared memory. The shared memory is shared across the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine. The volatile memory includes the shared memory.

BACKGROUND

Embodiments of the inventive subject matter generally relate to thefield of memory, and, more particularly, to page buffering in a memorysharing configuration.

Virtualization technology allows for sharing of memory across multiplepartitions or virtual machines. System memory is generally consideredone of the most critical performance resources for a computer. In amemory management scheme that includes paging of data out from and intomemory from a nonvolatile storage medium (e.g., a hard disk drive),system performance can be affected relative to the amount of paging thatis required.

SUMMARY

Embodiments include an apparatus that includes an apparatus thatcomprises a processor. The apparatus also includes a volatile memorythat is configured to be accessible in an active memory sharingconfiguration. The apparatus includes a machine-readable encoded withinstructions executable by the processor. The instructions includingfirst virtual machine instructions configured to access the volatilememory with a first virtual machine. The instructions including secondvirtual machine instructions configured to access the volatile memorywith a second virtual machine. The instructions including virtualmachine monitor instructions configured to page data out from a sharedmemory to a reserved memory section in the volatile memory responsive tothe first virtual machine or the second virtual machine paging the dataout from the shared memory or paging the data in to the shared memory.The shared memory is shared across the first virtual machine and thesecond virtual machine. The volatile memory includes the shared memory.

Embodiments include a method that includes booting up a computer device,wherein the booting up includes executing a virtual input/output (I/O)server having a reserved memory section in a volatile memory of thecomputer device. After booting up the computer device, a virtual machinemonitor performs operations. The operations include receiving a firstrequest to store a first data in the volatile memory from a firstvirtual machine. The operations include storing the first data in ashared memory section of the volatile memory, in response to the firstrequest. The operations also include receiving a second request to storea second data in the volatile memory from a second virtual machine. Theoperations include, responsive to determining that a size of the seconddata is greater than a size of available memory space in the sharedmemory section in the volatile memory, paging out the first data storedin the shared memory section in the volatile memory to the reservedmemory section in the volatile memory. Also in response to determiningthat a size of the second data is greater than a size of availablememory space in the shared memory section in the volatile memory, theoperations include storing the second data in the shared memory sectionin the volatile memory.

Embodiments include a computer program product for memory sharing. Thecomputer program product includes a computer readable storage mediumhaving computer readable program code embodied therewith. The computerreadable program code configured to receive a first request to store afirst data in the volatile memory by a first virtual machine. Thecomputer readable program code configured to store the first data in ashared memory section of the volatile memory, in response to the firstrequest. The computer readable program code also configured to receive asecond request to store a second data in the volatile memory by a secondvirtual machine. The computer readable program code configured toperform the following operations, in response to a determination that asize of the second data is greater than a size of available storage inthe shared memory section in the volatile memory. The followingoperations include page out of the first data stored in the sharedmemory section in the volatile memory to a reserved memory section inthe volatile memory, wherein the reserved memory section is assigned toonly be accessible by a module configured to control access to physicalresources of a computer on which the computer program product isconfigured to execute. The following operations include storage of thesecond data in the shared memory section in the volatile memory.

Embodiments include a computer program product for memory sharing. Thecomputer program product includes a computer readable storage mediumhaving computer readable program code embodied therewith. The computerreadable program code configured to boot up a computer device, whereinthe boot up includes execution of a virtual input/output (I/O) serverhaving a reserved memory section in a volatile memory of the computerdevice. The computer readable program code configured to perform thefollowing operations after boot operations of the computer device havecompleted. The operations including receiving a first request to store afirst data in the volatile memory by a first virtual machine. Theoperations including storing the first data in a shared memory sectionof the volatile memory, in response to the first request. The operationsincluding receiving a second request to store a second data in thevolatile memory by a second virtual machine. The operations includingperforming the following operations, in response to a determination thata size of the second data is greater than a size of available storage inthe shared memory section in the volatile memory. The followingoperations including paging out the first data stored in the sharedmemory section in the volatile memory to the reserved memory section inthe volatile memory. The following operations also including storing thesecond data in the shared memory section in the volatile memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present embodiments may be better understood, and numerous objects,features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art byreferencing the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computer device with an activememory sharing configuration, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 2 is conceptual diagram of a first stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 3 is conceptual diagram of a second stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 4 is conceptual diagram of a third stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 5 is conceptual diagram of a fourth stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of operations for paging from a shared memory intoa reserved memory for a virtual I/O server, according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of operations for paging from a reserved memoryfor a virtual I/O server to a nonvolatile machine-readable medium,according to some example embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT(S)

The description that follows includes exemplary systems, methods,techniques, instruction sequences, and computer program products thatembody techniques of the present inventive subject matter. However, itis understood that the described embodiments may be practiced withoutthese specific details. In other instances, well-known instructioninstances, protocols, structures, and techniques have not been shown indetail in order not to obfuscate the description.

Some example embodiments include virtualized environments that allow forsharing of memory across multiple virtual machines on one or morecomputer devices (e.g., servers). Some example embodiments include avirtual input output server (“VIOS” or “virtual I/O server”). A VIOS isan executing instance of instructions that facilitates sharing ofphysical resources between logical partitions (LPAR). An LPAR isgenerally a subset of a computer's hardware resources, where the subsetis virtualized and an LPAR can operate as a separate computing device.In effect, a physical machine can be partitioned into multiple LPARs,each housing a separate operating system. A VIOS can operate as apartitioned hardware adapter and can service end devices or logicaldevices such as an Internet small computer system interface (iSCSI)adapter, compatible disks, Fibre-Channel disks, Ethernet drives, compactdisks (CD), digital video disks (DVD), and optical drives or devices. AVIOS, therefore, can allow for sharing of physical resources of thedevice(s) among multiple virtual machines. For instance, a computerdevice can execute multiple operating system images at a same time whilethe operating systems are isolated from each other across multiplevirtual machines. The multiple virtual machines can share a pool ofvolatile memory (e.g., Random Access Memory) that is managed across themultiple virtual machines. Management of the shared pool of volatilememory includes paging data in and out of the shared volatile memory.Some example embodiments use a buffered file system within a virtual I/Oserver to serve as the paging device for the shared volatile memory. Asection of the volatile memory can be reserved (“reserved memorysection”) for use by the virtual I/O server during the boot up of thecomputer device. Accordingly, this reserved memory section for thevirtual I/O server is reclaimed and applied towards improving the pagingperformance of an active memory sharing configuration.

This is in contrast to previous systems where a physical hard drive or alogical volume in such a hard drive is used as the paging device. Suchsystems are slower in comparison to some example embodiments becausesuch systems have to access a disk drive to perform the paging activity.A virtual I/O server can have a file within a file system serve as avirtual drive. However, previous active memory sharing configurations donot allow for file-backed devices to serve as paging devices. Also, inprevious systems, the virtual I/O server does not provide for bufferingof file-backed devices. Accordingly, some example embodiments includesupport for file-backed devices in an active memory sharingconfiguration and support for buffering in a virtual I/O server.

Some example embodiments are configurable regarding which of the virtualmachines can use, as the paging device, the reserved memory section forthe virtual I/O server instead of a hard disk drive. The buffering bythe virtual I/O server can be applied and removed to a file-backedpaging device by mounting the file system with a proper release-behindmount options. Also, the amount of memory of the reserved memory sectionthat can be used for paging is configurable. Accordingly, some exampleembodiments can now incorporate memory that is unused after boot upoperations into paging operations, thereby increasing the performance ofsuch systems.

While described such that the shared memory and the reserved memory arepart of a same volatile memory, in some other example embodiments, theshared memory and the reserved memory are part of different memories ina same or different machine. Also, while described such that thereserved memory is reserved for access by the virtual I/O server, insome other embodiments, the reserved memory used for paging can be anyother memory that is not accessible for sharing by multiple virtualmachines in a virtualized, memory sharing configuration. For example,other modules or applications can have memory that is reserved for theiruse that can be used at least some of the time during paging operations.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computer device with an activememory sharing configuration, according to some example embodiments. Acomputer device 100 includes a processor 102 (possibly includingmultiple processors, multiple cores, multiple nodes, and/or implementingmulti-threading, etc.). The computer device 100 includes a nonvolatilemachine-readable medium 118, a nonvolatile machine-readable medium 120and a nonvolatile machine-readable medium 122 that are communicativelycoupled to the bus 101 through an adapter 124. The nonvolatilemachine-readable media 118-122 can be various types of hard disk drives(e.g., optical storage, magnetic storage, etc.). The computer device 100also includes a bus 101 (e.g., PCI, ISA, PCI-Express, HyperTransport®,InfiniBand®, NuBus, etc.) and a network interface 103 (e.g., an ATMinterface, an Ethernet interface, a Frame Relay interface, SONETinterface, wireless interface, etc.).

The computer device 100 includes a virtual machine monitor 104, avirtual I/O server 106 and a number of virtual machines (a virtualmachine 110, a virtual machine 111 and a virtual machine 112). In someexample embodiments, each of the virtual machines 110-112 serves as asoftware implementation of a machine. Each of the virtual machines110-112 can provide a system platform that enables execution of anoperating system. As further described below, the virtual machines110-112 share physical resources of the computer device 100.

The virtual machine monitor 104 (also called a hypervisor) manages theinteraction between each virtual machine and the underlying resourcesprovided by the hardware platform (e.g., the volatile memory, thenonvolatile machine-readable media, network interfaces, etc.). Theoperations of the virtual machine monitor 104, the virtual I/O server106 and the virtual machines 110-112 are described in more detail below.Any one of these operations can be partially (or entirely) implementedin hardware and/or on the processor 102. For example, the operations canbe implemented with an application specific integrated circuit, in logicimplemented in the processor 102, in a co-processor on a peripheraldevice or card, etc.

The computer device 100 includes a volatile memory 108. The volatilememory 108 can be system memory (e.g., one or more of cache, SRAM, DRAM,zero capacitor RAM, Twin Transistor RAM, eDRAM, EDO RAM, DDR RAM,EEPROM, NRAM, RRAM, SONOS, PRAM, etc.) or any one or more of the belowdescribed possible realizations of machine-readable media. The volatilememory 108 includes at least the following sections: a reserved memorysection 114 and a shared memory 116.

As further described below, the reserved memory section 114 is a sectionthat is reserved for the virtual I/O server 106. The virtual I/O server106 uses the reserved memory section 114 during the boot up operationsof the computer device 100. Even after the boot up operations, thereserved memory section 114 is not released for generally memory use andremains reserved for the virtual I/O server 106. In some exampleembodiments, the virtual I/O server 106 allows the reserved memorysection 114 to be used as a paging device for paging data from theshared memory 116.

The virtual machine monitor 104 controls access (e.g., read or write) tothe shared memory 116 by the virtual machines 110-112. Also, the virtualmachine monitor 104 pages out data from the shared memory 116 when spaceis need therein. For example, assume that the virtual machine 110 hadfilled the shared memory 116. Subsequently, assume that the virtualmachine 111 needs to stored data in the shared memory 116. The virtualmachine monitor 104 pages out at least some of the data (e.g., datastored by the virtual machine 110). In some example embodiments, insteadof paging out the data to one of the nonvolatile machine-readable media118-122, the virtual machine monitor 104 pages the data to the reservedmemory section 114. Also, the virtual I/O server 106 can page out datafrom the reserved memory section 114 to one of the nonvolatilemachine-readable media 118-122. Accordingly, the paging device for theshared memory is in the reserved memory section 114, thereby increasingperformance of the computer device 100 when paging operations occur.

Further, realizations may include fewer or additional components notillustrated in FIG. 1 (e.g., video cards, audio cards, additionalnetwork interfaces, peripheral devices, etc.). The processor 102, thevolatile memory 108, the nonvolatile machine-readable media 118-122, thevirtual machine monitor 104, the virtual I/O server 106, the virtualmachines 110-112, and the network interface 103 are coupled to the bus101. Although illustrated as being coupled to a bus 101, the volatilememory 108 can be coupled to the processor 102.

FIGS. 2-5 are a series of conceptual diagrams illustrating differentstages of paging in an active memory configuration having a virtual I/Oserver, according to some example embodiments. In particular, FIGS. 2-5illustrate a page out operation from a shared memory to a reservedmemory of a volatile memory of a computer device and a page outoperation from the reserved memory to a nonvolatile machine-readablemedium. For elements that are the same across FIGS. 2-5, a samenumbering is used.

FIG. 2 is conceptual diagram of a first stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments. FIG. 2 includes a shared memory206 and a reserved memory 208 that are parts of a volatile memory of acomputer device (as described above). FIG. 2 also includes a nonvolatilemachine-readable medium 210, a virtual machine 204, a virtual machinemonitor 202 and a virtual I/O server 212. The virtual machine monitor202 is communicatively coupled to the shared memory 206. The virtual I/Oserver is communicatively coupled to the reserved memory 208 and thenonvolatile machine-readable medium 210. Although not shown, the virtualmachine 204 is communicatively coupled to the shared memory 206.

For this example, prior to the operations illustrated in the first stagein FIG. 2, the shared memory 206 and the reserved memory 208 alreadyhave data stored therein. In particular, for the shared memory 206, thedata is stored in a page A 222 and a page B 224. For the reserved memory208, the data is stored in a page X 240 and a page Y 242. For example,this data can be stored therein because of previous data storageoperations performed by other virtual machines. Also, assume thatbecause of the storage of the pages X-Y 240-242, reserved memory 208 isfilled to capacity that will initiate a page out operation to thenonvolatile machine-readable medium 210 if additional data is stored inthe reserved memory 208 (as further described below).

In the first stage shown in FIG. 2, the virtual machine monitor 202 hasgranted to the virtual machine 204 access to the shared memory 206 (ashared resource). During execution, the virtual machine 204 stores data220 into the shared memory 206. For example, an application (e.g., aword processing application) executing on the virtual machine 204 cancause storage of data (e.g., some or all of the contents of a documentbeing processed by the application) into the shared memory 206. Thisdata storage is shown as the storage of data into page N 226 within theshared memory 206. Also, for this example, assume that the storage ofdata into page N 226 causes the shared memory 206 to be filled to acapacity to require a page out operation if any additional data isstored in the shared memory 206.

FIG. 3 is conceptual diagram of a second stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments. FIG. 3 includes some of the sameelements with the same numbering as FIG. 2. In this second stage, avirtual machine 314 is included. Although not shown, the virtual machine314 is communicatively coupled to the shared memory 206.

In the second stage shown in FIG. 3, the virtual machine monitor 202 hasgranted to the virtual machine 314 access to the shared memory 206 (ashared resource). During execution, the virtual machine 314 stores data330 into the shared memory 206. For example, an application (e.g., apower point application) executing on the virtual machine 314 can causestorage of data (e.g., some or all of the contents of a power pointbeing processed by the application) into the shared memory 206. Asdescribed above, the shared memory 206 is filled to capacity after thefirst stage. Accordingly, in response to this data write operation tothe shared memory 206, the virtual machine monitor 202 pages out thepage A 222. In some example embodiments, the virtual machine monitor 202pages out the “oldest” page in the shared memory 206. In particular, thevirtual machine monitor 202 pages out the page having data that has beenstored in the shared memory 206 for the longest time period. In someother example embodiments, the virtual machine monitor 202 can page outdata based on other criteria. For example, the virtual machine monitor202 can page out data relative to the virtual machine that has storedthe data. For example, the virtual machine monitor 202 can first pageout pages that have been stored by a virtual machine that currently doesnot have access to the shared memory 206 prior to paging out data storedby a virtual machine that currently does have access. The virtualmachine monitor 202 pages out page A 222 to the reserved memory 208(which is further described below in the subsequent stages).

FIG. 4 is conceptual diagram of a third stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments. FIG. 4 includes some of the sameelements with the same numbering as FIGS. 2-3. In this third stage,because the reserved memory 208 is at capacity (as described above), thevirtual I/O server (controlling the reserved memory 208) first pages outdata from the reserved memory 208 to the nonvolatile machine-readablemedium 210. In particular, the virtual I/O server 212 pages out page X240 to the nonvolatile machine-readable medium 210. In some exampleembodiments, the virtual I/O server 212 pages out the “oldest” page inthe reserved memory 208. In particular, the virtual I/O server 212 pagesout the page having data that has been stored in the reserved memory 208for the longest time period. In some other example embodiments, thevirtual I/O server 212 can page out data based on other criteria(similar to those criteria for paging for shared memory 206).

FIG. 5 is conceptual diagram of a fourth stage of paging in an activememory sharing configuration having a virtual input/output (I/O) server,according to some example embodiments. FIG. 5 includes some of the sameelements with the same numbering as FIGS. 2-4. In this fourth stage, thenew page 450 is created in the shared memory 206. The virtual machine314 has created the new page 450 as a result of attempting to store thedata 330 into the shared memory 330 (see FIGS. 3-4). In other words, thenew page 450 includes the data 330. Also, the virtual I/O server 212 hasstored the page A 222 that was a result of the page out operation fromthe shared memory 206.

FIGS. 2-5 illustrate a page out operation. Similar operations in reverseorder can be performed for a page in operation for moving the data backinto the shared memory 206. For example, the data can be transferredfrom the nonvolatile machine-readable medium to the reserved memory andback into the shared memory, using one or more page in operations.

Operations for page buffering in a virtualized, memory sharingconfiguration are now described. In certain embodiments, the operationscan be performed by executing instructions residing on machine-readablemedia (e.g., software), while in other embodiments, the operations canbe performed by hardware and/or other logic (e.g., firmware). In someembodiments, the operations can be performed in series, while in otherembodiments, one or more of the operations can be performed in parallel.Moreover, some embodiments can perform less than all the operationsshown in any flow diagram. Two different flowcharts are now described.FIG. 6 is a flowchart for operations for a page out operation from ashared memory to a reserved memory of a volatile memory. FIG. 7 is aflowchart for operations for a page out operation from the reservedmemory of the volatile memory to a nonvolatile machine-readable medium.

In particular, FIG. 6 is a flowchart of operations for paging from ashared memory into a reserved memory for a virtual I/O server, accordingto some example embodiments. A flow diagram 600 includes operationsthat, in some example embodiments, are performed by the differentmodules described in reference to FIGS. 1-5. Therefore, FIG. 6 isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-5. The operations of the flowdiagram 600 begin at block 602.

At block 602, a computer device is booted up. The boot up operationsinclude the initiation of a virtual I/O server to allow for sharing ofphysical resources by multiple virtual machines. The virtual I/O server106 can serve as an intermediary between the virtual machines and theoperating system executing on the computer device. In the virtualizedconfiguration of the computer device, the virtual machines can sharevolatile memories, nonvolatile machine-readable media, networkinterfaces, etc. In some example embodiments, the virtual I/O server 106is assigned a section of the volatile memory 108 (i.e., the reservedmemory section 114). The virtual I/O server 106 accesses the reservedmemory section 114 during the boot up operations of the computer device.Also, the reserved memory section 114 remains dedicated for use by thevirtual I/O server 106 after the boot operations are complete.Operations continue at block 604.

At block 604, the virtual I/O server 106 determines whether the bootoperations are complete. If not complete, the virtual I/O server 106continues making this determination at block 604. In particular, thereserved memory section 114 is not accessible as a paging device for thepages from the shared memory 116 until the virtual I/O server 106 iscompleted its use of the reserved memory section 114 for bootoperations. Otherwise, operations continue at block 606.

At block 606, the virtual machine monitor 104 receives a request tostore a first data in a volatile memory 108 of the computer device by afirst virtual machine 110. For example, an application or program (e.g.,a word processing application) can be executing in the first virtualmachine 110 such that data is to be stored in memory. Accordingly, thefirst virtual machine 110 requests storage of data into the sharedmemory 116. As described above, the virtual machine monitor 104 controlsaccess to the shared memory 116 by the different virtual machinesexecuting in the computer device 100. With reference to the exampleshown in FIGS. 2-5, this request operation is shown by the virtualmachine 204 transmitting the data 220 to the shared memory 206 in FIG.2. Operations continue at block 608.

At block 608, the virtual machine monitor 104 stores the first data in ashared memory 116 of the volatile memory 108. Prior to storage in theshared memory 116, the virtual machine monitor 104 determines whetherthere is available space in the shared memory 116. In this example, thevirtual machine monitor 104 has determined that there is available spacein the shared memory 116 for storage of the first data. With referenceto the example shown in FIGS. 2-5, this storage operation is shown bythe storage of data in the page N 226 in FIGS. 2-3. Operations continueat block 610.

At block 610, the virtual machine monitor 104 receives a request tostore a second data in the volatile memory 108 of the computer device bya second virtual machine 111. Accordingly, a different virtual machineis now attempting to access the shared memory 116. The virtual machinemonitor 104 authorizes accesses to the shared memory 116 by any of thevirtual machines. With reference to the example shown in FIGS. 2-5, thisrequest operation is shown by the virtual machine 314 transmitting thedata 330 to the shared memory 206. Operations continue at block 612.

At block 612, the virtual machine monitor 104 determines whether a sizeof the second data is greater than a size of available space for storagein the shared memory 116 of the volatile memory 108. If the size of thesecond data is not greater than the size of available space for storagein the shared memory 116, operations continue at block 616 (furtherdescribed below). Otherwise, operations continue at block 614.

At block 614, the virtual machine monitor 104 pages out data in theshared memory to a reserved memory section of the volatile memory. Inthis example, the virtual machine monitor 104 selects the first data asthe data to be paged out of the shared memory. As described above, thevirtual machine monitor 104 can use any of a number of differentcriteria (e.g., “oldest”) for selection of the data to be paged out.Also, in some example embodiments, the virtual I/O server 106 controlsaccess to the reserved memory section 114. Accordingly, the virtual I/Oserver 106 can receive and store the data being paged out into thereserved memory section 114. The operations of the virtual I/O server106 are described in more detail below in the description of FIG. 7.With reference to the example shown in FIGS. 2-5, this page outoperation is shown by the moving of the page A 222 from the sharedmemory 206 to the reserved memory 208 in FIGS. 3-4. Accordingly, insteadof a nonvolatile machine-readable medium, a different section of memoryis used as a page buffer or page device for the shared memory. Such aconfiguration increases the performance of paging because awrite-to-disk operation is not required for the page out data.Operations continue at block 616.

At block 616, the virtual machine monitor 104 stores the second data inthe shared memory. With reference to the example shown in FIGS. 2-5,this storage operation is shown by the storage of data in the new page450 in FIG. 5. Operations of the flow diagram 600 are complete.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of operations for paging from a reserved memoryfor a virtual I/O server to a nonvolatile machine-readable medium,according to some example embodiments. A flow diagram 700 includesoperations that, in some example embodiments, are performed by thedifferent modules described in reference to FIGS. 1-5. Therefore, FIG. 7is described with reference to FIGS. 1-5. The operations of the flowdiagram 700 begin at block 702.

At block 702, the virtual I/O server 106 receives a first page requestto first data in the reserved memory section in the volatile memory. Asdescribed above, the page request is received from the virtual machinemonitor 104 that is paging out data from the shared memory to allow forstorage of new data therein. For example, a new virtual machine can beexecuting that requires storage of data in the shared memory. Withreference to the example shown in FIGS. 2-5, this page request is shownby transmitting the page A 222 from the shared memory 206 to thereserved memory 208 in FIGS. 3-4. Operations continue at block 704.

At block 704, the virtual I/O server 106 stores the first data in areserved memory section in the volatile memory. Prior to storage in thereserved memory 114, the virtual I/O server 106 determines whether thereis available space in the reserved memory 114. In this example, thevirtual I/O server 106 has determined that there is available space inthe reserved memory 114 for storage of the first data. Operationscontinue at block 706.

At block 706, the virtual I/O server 106 receives a second page requestto store second data in the reserved memory section in the volatilememory. With reference to the example shown in FIGS. 2-5, this receivingof a second page request is shown by receiving the page A 222 into thereserved memory 208 from the shared memory 206. Operations continue atblock 708.

At block 708, the virtual I/O server 106 determines whether the size ofthe second data is greater than the size available for storage in thereserved memory section in the volatile memory. If the size of thesecond data is not greater than the size of available space for storagein the reserved memory 114, operations continue at block 714 (furtherdescribed below). Otherwise, operations continue at block 712.

At block 710, the virtual I/O server 106 pages out the first data in thereserved memory section in the volatile memory to a paging device in anonvolatile machine-readable medium. In this example, the virtual I/Oserver 106 selects the first data as the data to be paged out of thereserved memory. The virtual I/O server 106 can use any of a number ofdifferent criteria (e.g., “oldest”) for selection of the data to bepaged out. With reference to the example shown in FIGS. 2-5, this pageout operation is shown by the moving of the page X 240 from the reservedmemory 208 to the nonvolatile machine-readable medium 210 in FIGS. 4-5.Operations continue at block 712.

At block 712, the virtual I/O server 106 stores the second data in thereserved memory section from the shared memory. With reference to theexample shown in FIGS. 2-5, this storage operation is shown by thestorage of the page A 222 into the reserved memory 208 in FIGS. 4-5.Operations of the flow diagram 700 are complete.

Embodiments are not limited to the example flowcharts depicted in theabove figures. Embodiments can perform additional operations, feweroperations, operations in parallel, etc. For instance, referring to FIG.6, operations for paging out data from the shared memory and storingdifferent data in the shared memory can be executed at least partiallyin parallel.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinventive subject matter may be embodied as a system, method or computerprogram product. Accordingly, aspects of the present inventive subjectmatter may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirelysoftware embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code,etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that mayall generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or“system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present inventive subject mattermay take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or morecomputer readable medium(s) having computer readable program codeembodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storagemedium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a programfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent inventive subject matter may be written in any combination ofone or more programming languages, including an object orientedprogramming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The program codemay execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user'scomputer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user'scomputer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remotecomputer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may beconnected to the user's computer through any type of network, includinga local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or theconnection may be made to an external computer (for example, through theInternet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present inventive subject matter are described withreference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods,apparatus (systems) and computer program products according toembodiments of the inventive subject matter. It will be understood thateach block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, andcombinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or blockdiagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. Thesecomputer program instructions may be provided to a processor of ageneral purpose computer, special purpose computer, or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such thatthe instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer orother programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

While the embodiments are described with reference to variousimplementations and exploitations, it will be understood that theseembodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the inventive subjectmatter is not limited to them. In general, techniques for optimizingdesign space efficiency as described herein may be implemented withfacilities consistent with any hardware system or hardware systems. Manyvariations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible.

Plural instances may be provided for components, operations, orstructures described herein as a single instance. Finally, boundariesbetween various components, operations, and data stores are somewhatarbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context ofspecific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionalityare envisioned and may fall within the scope of the inventive subjectmatter. In general, structures and functionality presented as separatecomponents in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as acombined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionalitypresented as a single component may be implemented as separatecomponents. These and other variations, modifications, additions, andimprovements may fall within the scope of the inventive subject matter.

1. An apparatus comprising: a processor; a volatile memory configured tobe accessible in an active memory sharing configuration; amachine-readable storage medium encoded with instructions executable bythe processor, the instructions comprising, first virtual machineinstructions configured to access the volatile memory with a firstvirtual machine; second virtual machine instructions configured toaccess the volatile memory with a second virtual machine; and virtualmachine monitor instructions configured to page first data out from ashared memory to a reserved memory section in the volatile memoryresponsive to the first virtual machine or the second virtual machinepaging second data out from the shared memory or paging the second datain to the shared memory, wherein the shared memory is shared across thefirst virtual machine and the second virtual machine and the volatilememory comprises the shared memory.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a virtual input/output (I/O) server, wherein the reservedmemory section is accessible only by the virtual I/O server, wherein thevirtual I/O server is configured to store the data paged out from theshared memory.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the virtual I/Oserver is configured to access the reserved memory section during bootoperations of the apparatus, wherein the reserved memory section isconfigured to serve as a paging device for the operations to page datafrom the shared memory after the boot operations are complete.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 2, further comprising one or more nonvolatilemachine-readable mediums, wherein the virtual I/O server is configuredto page data from the reserved memory section to the one or morenonvolatile machine-readable mediums.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4,wherein the one or more nonvolatile machine-readable medium areaccessible through a single adapter, wherein the virtual I/O server isconfigured to page data from the reserved memory section to the one ormore nonvolatile machine-readable mediums through the single adapter. 6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the virtual machine monitorinstructions are configured to page out data that has been stored in theshared memory for the longest time.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe virtual machine monitor instructions are configured to page the datato the reserved memory section in the volatile memory in response to thefirst virtual machine attempting to store data in the shared memory anda determination insufficient space is available for storage of the datain the shared memory.
 8. A method comprising: booting up a computerdevice, wherein the booting up includes executing instructions thatinstantiate a virtual input/output (I/O) server having a reserved memorysection in a volatile memory of the computer device; after booting upthe computer device, a virtual machine monitor, receiving a firstrequest to store a first data in the volatile memory from a firstvirtual machine; storing the first data in a shared memory section ofthe volatile memory, in response to the first request; receiving asecond request to store a second data in the volatile memory from asecond virtual machine; and responsive to determining that a size of thesecond data is greater than a size of available memory space in theshared memory section in the volatile memory, paging out the first datastored in the shared memory section in the volatile memory to thereserved memory section in the volatile memory; and storing the seconddata in the shared memory section in the volatile memory.
 9. The methodof claim 8, further comprising the virtual input/output server,receiving a first page request to store the first data in the reservedmemory section in the volatile memory; storing the first data in thereserved memory section in the volatile memory; receiving a second pagerequest to store the second data in the reserved memory section in thevolatile memory; and in response to a determination that the size of thesecond data is greater than a size of available memory space in thereserved memory section in the volatile memory, paging out the firstdata in the reserved memory section in the volatile memory to a pagingdevice in a nonvolatile machine-readable medium of the computer device;and storing the second data in the reserved memory section in thevolatile memory.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the computer devicecomprises another nonvolatile machine-readable medium, wherein thevirtual I/O server is configured to access the nonvolatilemachine-readable medium and the another nonvolatile machine-readablemedium through a single adapter.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein thepaging out of the first data comprises transmitting the first datathrough the single adapter to the nonvolatile machine-readable medium.12. The method of claim 8, wherein paging out the first data in theshared memory section comprises paging out data that has been stored inthe shared memory section for the longest time.
 13. A computer programproduct for memory sharing, the computer program product comprising: acomputer readable storage medium having computer readable program codeembodied therewith, the computer readable program code configured to,receive a first request to store a first data in the volatile memory bya first virtual machine; store the first data in a shared memory sectionof the volatile memory, in response to the first request; receive asecond request to store a second data in the volatile memory by a secondvirtual machine; and in response to a determination that a size of thesecond data is greater than a size of available storage in the sharedmemory section in the volatile memory, page out the first data stored inthe shared memory section in the volatile memory to a reserved memorysection in the volatile memory, wherein the reserved memory section isassigned to only be accessible by a module configured to control accessto physical resources of a computer on which the computer programproduct is configured to execute; and store the second data in theshared memory section in the volatile memory.
 14. The computer programproduct of claim 13, wherein the computer readable program code isconfigured to boot up the computer, that includes execution of themodule, wherein the execution causes the module to access the reservedmemory section.
 15. The computer program product of claim 14, whereinthe reserved memory section is accessible to receive the page out of thefirst data after the boot up of the computer is complete.
 16. Thecomputer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer readableprogram code is configured to receive a first page request to store thefirst data in the reserved memory section in the volatile memory; storethe first data in the reserved memory section in the volatile memory;receive a second page request to store the second data in the reservedmemory section in the volatile memory; and perform the followingoperations, in response to a determination that the size of the seconddata is greater than a size of available stored in the reserved memorysection in the volatile memory, page out the first data in the reservedmemory section in the volatile memory to a paging device in anonvolatile machine-readable medium of the computer device; and storethe second data in the reserved memory section in the volatile memory.17. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein paging out thefirst data in the shared memory section comprises paging out data thathas been stored in the shared memory section for the longest time.
 18. Acomputer program product for memory sharing, the computer programproduct comprising: a computer readable storage medium having computerreadable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable programcode configured to, boot up a computer device, wherein the boot upincludes executing instructions that instantiate a virtual input/output(I/O) server having a reserved memory section in a volatile memory ofthe computer device; after boot up of the computer device, receive afirst request to store a first data in the volatile memory by a firstvirtual machine; store the first data in a shared memory section of thevolatile memory, in response to the first request; receive a secondrequest to store a second data in the volatile memory by a secondvirtual machine; and in response to a determination that a size of thesecond data is greater than a size of available storage in the sharedmemory section in the volatile memory, page out the first data stored inthe shared memory section in the volatile memory to the reserved memorysection in the volatile memory; and store the second data in the sharedmemory section in the volatile memory.
 19. The computer program productof claim 18, wherein the computer readable program code is configured tocause the virtual input/output server executing to, store the first datain the reserved memory section in the volatile memory responsive toreceiving a first page request to store the first data in the reservedmemory section in the volatile memory; in response to receiving a secondpage request to store the second data in the reserved memory section inthe volatile memory and a determination that the size of the second datais greater than a size of available storage in the reserved memorysection in the volatile memory, page out the first data in the reservedmemory section in the volatile memory to a paging device in anonvolatile machine-readable medium of the computer device; and storethe second data in the reserved memory section in the volatile memory.20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the computerdevice comprises another nonvolatile machine-readable medium, whereinthe virtual I/O server is configured to access the nonvolatilemachine-readable medium and the another nonvolatile machine-readablemedium through a single adapter.
 21. The computer program product ofclaim 20, wherein the page out of the first data comprises transmissionof the first data through the single adapter to the nonvolatilemachine-readable medium.
 22. The computer program product of claim 18,wherein page out the first data in the shared memory section comprisespage out of data that has been stored in the shared memory section forthe longest time.